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Six Degrees of Separation

Through just five or six intermediaries, extremes, when the network was neither
you could be linked to millions of entirely regular nor utterly random. They
others. It is the notion behind what has expected the number of handshakes needed
been dubbed the small world effect.It has to link people to drop as the random
happed to most of us, and it's virtually links grew.But what they discovered was
guaranteed to happen at again - startling: just a tiny number of random
especially if you attend a social links was enough to "short-circuit" an
gathering. Whenever you have people eager otherwise huge, regular network, allowing
to talk with one another, the chances are apparently unrelated friends to be linked
that some will find that they have in just a few handshakes.The computer
friends and acquaintances in common. It revealed how easy it is to turn even a
is, as they say, a small world.It may be vast network into a small world: if only
a common enough experience, but the one in 100 people have a random link to
so-called small world effect is turning anyone else in the network, the average
out to have some pretty big consequences. number of handshakes drops ten-fold.THEY
In the last 18 months it has become one ARE EVERYWHEREBut computer simulations
of the hottest subjects in science. Now are one thing; can small worlds be
some believe it could revolutionize the created so easily in the real one? Watts
way we think about everything from and Strogatz set about searching for a
economic crashes to globalization.The huge real-life network that they could
story of how an apparently trivial social probe for signs of the small world
phenomenon turned out to have far from effect. They found the perfect, if
trivial implications has its origins in a unlikely, example in the Internet Movie
bizarre experiment carried out over 30 Database, a computer searchable catalogue
years ago by psychologist Stanley with the names of over 200,000 actors and
Milgram.Milgram was trying to uncover the the films they have appeared in.Analyzing
connections that lurk in our networks of the database, Watts and Strogatz found
friends and acquaintances, and hit upon a that the typical actor has worked with
novel way of revealing them. He recruited around 60 others. If the showbiz network
people in various US states and sent each were completely regular, with no random
of them a package, together with some short-circuits, that figure would imply
instructions.These revealed that the that you'd typically have to go through
packages were actually intended to two 1,800 other actors and their films to
people picked by Milgram, who gave their link one actor to another. Yet the
names and some vague clues about where computer showed that it is possible to
they lived, their occupation and age. link any actor to any other via just
What he did not give, however, was a three intermediaries. The vast movie
precise postal address. The participants business is really a small world.In fact,
were then told to send the packages to this had been known for years by movie
whichever of their acquaintances they buffs who play the so-called Kevin Bacon
judged most likely to know the targets Game. The aim of the game is to link the
personally and be able to make the final eponymous American actor to any other via
delivery.Keeping track of the postings, the fewest number of
Milgram made the stunning discovery that intermediaries.Players were often struck
the packages typically reached the two by how often they could answer with the
target people after passing through the names of very few actors. For example,
hands of just five other people. Later Bacon can be linked to Charlie Chaplin in
experiments produced similar results, just three steps: Bacon played in a film
making the conclusion inevitable. It with Laurence Fishburn, who in turn was
seems that, on average, everyone in in a film with Marlon Brando, who himself
America from arms dealer to zoo keeper once appeared with Chaplin.Watts and
can be connected to everyone else via a Strogatz had confirmed what many players
chain of just five or six suspected was the explanation: the
intermediaries.It is a result that "short-circuiting" effect of a handful of
becomes more bizarre the more you think actors whose careers span different eras,
about it. Sociologists estimate that we genres and cultures. For example, by
each typically have around 300 or so starring in both Lethal Weapon and
acquaintances - people we're on Hamlet, Mel Gibson short-circuits the
first-name terms with. That suggests all-action and classical genres, while
we're just one hand-shake (or email) away martial arts actor Bruce Lee links the
from 300 people, two away from 90,000, Chinese film industry to Hollywood.The
three away from 27 million and so world of showbiz is now recognized as a
on.Viewed this way, the real surprise classical small world. That is, it is
about Milgram's research is that it takes made up of lots of little cliques of
as many as five or six handshakes to actors, most of whom stay in their own
connect every American to every other. An patch of the industry, mixed in with a
average of just four should suffice to few highly versatile ones with random
connect up to 250 millions inhabitants of links right across the acting network who
the US.But there is a big assumption in thus link every actor to every other via
this quick calculation: that our 300 very few steps.When Watts and Strogatz
friends are randomly spread throughout published their findings in the leading
the population so that every American is science journal Nature, it triggered an
likely to know, say, Alan Greenspan as Al explosion of media coverage. But it also
at the corner store. But the fact is that sparked interest among academics in a
our friends tend to fall into cliques: diverse range of fields, all wondering
people who have similar levels of whether small world effects are at work
education, interests and opinions.This, in their own patches.The corporate world
however, just makes Milgram's findings does show signs of being under the
even more baffling: for if all our influence of small world effects,
friends were confined to such rigid according to Bruce Kogut of the Wharton
cliques, we would hardly ever discover we School of Business at the University of
have friends in common. Each American, Pennsylvania, and Gordon Walker at the
for example, would then be separated by Cox School of Business at the Southern
an average of almost one million Methodist University in Texas.Kogut and
handshakes...250 million divided by 300 Walker applied Watts and Strogatz's
from each other. By that reckoning, methods to the ownership networks
Milgram should have died long before any spanning over 500 of Germany's biggest
of his packages reached their corporations. Predictably, they found
targets.There is clearly something odd lots of cliques in the ownership of
going on here. Our networks of friends firms, the result of various tie-ups and
are not randomly spread across society. mergers. But they also found that the
Yet they still allow us to be linked to short-circuiting effect of a few
each other via few intermediaries, so corporations typically allowed the
that we often end up discovering "It's a ownership of any one firm to be linked to
small world". How do they do it?It was any other via just four intermediaries.
this that intrigued Duncan Watts, in 1996 In other words, for all their diversity,
still a graduate at Cornell University. Germany's biggest firms actually form a
Watts had been working on a nice, solid cosy small world.This explains why firms
doctorate about the chirps of lovelorn with apparently tenuous links to one
crickets. But he had run into a problem: another can still show similar corporate
how do the crickets fall into step so behavior. But it may also have
quickly? Was each listening to all his implications for the way these companies
fellow crickets, or just to his closest deal with globalization.Small world
neighbors?Then Watts remembered a funny theory shows it only takes a few random
bit of folklore that his father had told links to short-circuit a vast network. So
him: that every American is just a few it's likely that the whole corporate
handshakes away from knowing the world has already become a small
president of the United States. Watts world.The study of small worlds is still
wondered if there was a connection in its infancy, yet it is already clear
between this apparent bit of folklore and that their presence holds both benefits
the problem he was trying to solve and and threats. Economists and business
perhaps many others too.Watts expected studies experts are likely to reveal many
his idea would be ridiculed by his more examples of small worlds and their
advisor, Steve Strogatz at Cornell's implications in the years ahead.Selling
department of theoretical and applied on eBay and the Internet is still a
mechanics. Instead, Stogatz also fell relatively a new phenomenon with
under the spell of the big mystery of the unprecedented opportunity. Adam
small world effect, and the two joined Ginsberg, recently featured on NBC's
forces to try and solve it.They began by Today Show is an author and educator and
using a computer to create lots of has built a small fortune selling on
networks of virtual "friends", and eBay. As an early Internet pioneer, Adam
measuring how many "handshakes" were discovered a system for generating wealth
needed to connect one friend to another - through the power of the eBay
in a totally different part of the marketplace.Adam personally sold over
network.At one extreme were the utterly $20,000,000 on eBay and the Internet in
regular networks, where every friend only the last three years. Currently he
knows those right next to them. Devoid of travels the world sharing his knowledge,
any long range connections capable of expertise and experience with others.
linking, say, Bill Clinton to some Adam's book, "How to Buy, Sell & Profit
store-keep in Hawaii, these networks on eBay", went to #1 on Amazon within 3
typically demanded lots of handshakes days of being released. Learn how Adam
before one person could be connected to has solved the mystery of success on eBay
another. Right at the other extreme were and how you can apply his system to
totally random networks, where people capitalize on this hot new money making
were just as likely to have personal opportunity. Adam has also created
friends in the White House as in Hawaiian several best selling e-books and software
stores.Watts and Strogatz were intrigued to enable you to enhance your ability to
by what happened between these two succeed.




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