| Psychic, from the Greek psychikos meaning
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| | perception.
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| "mental, of the soul" (in turn derived
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| | In 1957, the Parapsychological
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| from psyche meaning "soul, mind"), is a
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| | Association was formed as the preeminent
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| term used to describe phenomena or
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| | society for parapsychologists. In 1969,
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| abilities that are said to originate from
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| | they became affiliated with the American
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| the brain but which transcend its
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| | Association for the Advancement of
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| confines.
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| | Science. That affiliation, along with a
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| The term Psychic is commonly used in
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| | general openness to psychic and occult
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| reference to the paranormal in general,
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| | phenomena in the 1970s, led to a decade
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| but is more accurately applied to
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| | of increased parapsychological research.
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| phenomena which are said to involve Psi.
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| | During this time, other notable
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| People who are said to possess psychic
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| | organizations were also formed, including
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| abilities are referred to as "psychics".
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| | the Academy of Parapsychology and
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| The word itself was coined by French
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| | Medicine (1970), the Institute of
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| astronomer Camille Flammarion (1842 –
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| | Parascience (1971), the Academy of
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| 1925). Edward William Cox has been
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| | Religion and Psychical Research, the
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| credited with introducing it into the
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| | Institute of Noetic Sciences (1973), and
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| English language.
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| | the International Kirlian Research
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| Psychical research
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| | Association (1975). Each of these groups
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| The rise of modern inquiry into reports
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| | performed experiments on paranormal
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| of psychical phenomena coincided with the
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| | subjects to varying degrees.
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| introduction of modern Spiritualism in
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| | Parapsychological work was also conducted
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| 1848 and the movement's claims of
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| | at the Stanford Research Institute during
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| paranormal abilities. Shortly thereafter,
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| | this time, research which continued till
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| the Society for Psychical Research was
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| | February 2007.
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| founded in Britain (1882) and the
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| | In 1979, survey conducted to assess
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| American Society for Psychical Research
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| | belief in one specific field associated
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| was founded in the United States (1885).
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| | with psychics (ESP). It covered 1,100 US
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| Spiritualism was so widespread and the
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| | college professors and indicated that
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| reports of its effects so numerous and
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| | more than 50% of them believed that ESP
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| impressive that it was inevitable that
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| | is either an established fact or a likely
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| scientists would be attracted to the
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| | possibility". Belief was shown to be
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| alleged phenomena. Early psychical
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| | highest among those involved in arts and
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| researchers concerned themselves with
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| | humanities, but lowest among
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| studying mediums and spiritualist claims.
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| | psychologists.
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| In the early 1900s, a dissatisfaction
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| | The methodology and results of
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| with the results of the research and
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| | parapsychological work are often debated
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| political disagreements within psychic
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| | within the scientific community.However,
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| research organizations led to a new
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| | a consensus within the field of
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| approach and a new term for the study of
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| | parapsychology is that certain types of
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| psychic phenomena: parapsychology.
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| | psychic phenomena such as psychokinesis,
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| Parapsychology began using the
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| | telepathy, and precognition are
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| experimental approach to psychic
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| | well-established experimentally. Critics
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| phenomena in the 1930s under the
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| | such as Ray Hyman argue that the evidence
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| direction of J. B. Rhine (1895 –
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| | for psi (psychic phenomena) needs further
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| 1980).[4] Rhine popularized the now
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| | replication and theoretical work before
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| famous methodology of using card-guessing
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| | it is accepted. However, the existence of
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| and dice-rolling experiments in the
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| | psychics and the validity of
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| laboratory in an attempt to find a
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| | parapsychological experiments is disputed
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| statistical validation of extra-sensory
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| | by skeptics
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